The above US states and capitals map displays all 50 states along with their capitals, the national capital Washington D.C., state boundaries, and the international boundary with Alaska and Hawaii in inset.
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U.S. States with Capitals
The following list presents all 50 states of the United States along with their capitals.
S.N.
U.S. State
Capital
1
Alabama
Montgomery
2
Alaska
Juneau
3
Arizona
Phoenix
4
Arkansas
Little Rock
5
California
Sacramento
6
Colorado
Denver
7
Connecticut
Hartford
8
Delaware
Dover
9
Florida
Tallahassee
10
Georgia
Atlanta
11
Hawaii
Honolulu
12
Idaho
Boise
13
Illinois
Springfield
14
Indiana
Indianapolis
15
Iowa
Des Moines
16
Kansas
Topeka
17
Kentucky
Frankfort
18
Louisiana
Baton Rouge
19
Maine
Augusta
20
Maryland
Annapolis
21
Massachusetts
Boston
22
Michigan
Lansing
23
Minnesota
Saint Paul
24
Mississippi
Jackson
25
Missouri
Jefferson City
26
Montana
Helena
27
Nebraska
Lincoln
28
Nevada
Carson City
29
New Hampshire
Concord
30
New Jersey
Trenton
31
New Mexico
Santa Fe
32
New York
Albany
33
North Carolina
Raleigh
34
North Dakota
Bismarck
35
Ohio
Columbus
36
Oklahoma
Oklahoma City
37
Oregon
Salem
38
Pennsylvania
Harrisburg
39
Rhode Island
Providence
40
South Carolina
Columbia
41
South Dakota
Pierre
42
Tennessee
Nashville
43
Texas
Austin
44
Utah
Salt Lake City
45
Vermont
Montpelier
46
Virginia
Richmond
47
Washington
Olympia
48
West Virginia
Charleston
49
Wisconsin
Madison
50
Wyoming
Cheyenne
Capitals of U.S. Insular Areas
Below is the list of capitals of the Insular Areas of the United States, which are not part of any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia.
S.N.
Insular Area of the U.S.
Capital
1
American Samoa
Pago Pago
2
Guam
Hagåtña
3
Northern Mariana Islands
Saipan
4
Puerto Rico
San Juan
5
U.S. Virgin Islands
Charlotte Amalie
Neighboring Countries Sharing Land or Maritime Borders with the United States
Comprising fifty states, a federal district, and a number of territories, the United States of America (USA) is a federal republic Covering around 9.8 million square kilometers (3.8 million square miles), with an anticipated 331 million people as of the 2020 census, it is the third-largest nation in the world by geographical area and population. Washington, D.C. is the capital; New York metropolis is the most populated metropolis and a main center of finance and culture.
Climate and geography
Mountains, plains, woods, and beaches along the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans define the great geographic expanse the United States covers. Among the several mountain ranges are the Sierra Nevada, the Appalachians, and the Rocky Mountains. Five main climate zones define the nation: tropical ( Florida, Hawaii), arid ( Southwest), temperate (Northeast, Midwest), continental (Great Plains), and polar (Alaska). One of the longest rivers in the world at 3,734 kilometers (2,320 miles), the Mississippi River is heavily used in trade and transportation.
Government and Histories
Following Britain's Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 saw the founding of the United States. Approved in 1787, the Constitution created an executive, legislative, and judicial branch system of government predicated on separation of powers. Head of state and government, the President oversees a bicameral Congress made of the Senate and House of Representatives who writes legislation. Constitutional questions are interpreted by the Supreme Court.
Budget
With a nominal GDP of about $26 trillion (as of 2023), the United States boasts the biggest economy in the world, making around 24% of the world GDP accounted for. Driven by technology, banking, healthcare, manufacturing, and agriculture, the nation has a quite varied economy. Leading worldwide companies including Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, and Tesla call it home. The world's main reserve currency is the U.S. dollar (USD), and Wall Street—based in New York City—is the biggest financial center in the world.
Statistics and Culture
Comprising a population with several ethnic and cultural backgrounds, the United States is among the most varied countries. Based on the 2020 census, White (57.8%), Hispanic/Latino (18.7%), Black/African American (12.1%), and Asian (5.9%). Major racial and ethnic groups also include With Hollywood serving as the epicenter of the film business, the nation leads worldwide in entertainment, music, literature, and theater. American life is in great part shaped by sports, including baseball, basketball, American football, and soccer.
Development and Innovation in Education
Among the top universities worldwide, the United States boasts Harvard, MIT, and Stanford among others. Leading artificial intelligence, space exploration (NASA), health, and renewable energy, it also drives scientific inquiry and technical innovation. Major technology center Silicon Valley in California hosts Google, Facebook, and Intel.
Military and World Impact
The U.S. keeps military sites all around and is a founding member of NATO with the highest defense expenditure in the world—over $800 billion in 2023. In international politics, diplomacy, and world security it is absolutely vital. Being a permanent member of the UN Security Council, the United States influences world economic policy and humanitarian projects.
Infrastructure and Transportation
With 4.1 million miles of roadways including the Interstate Highway System, the U.S. boasts one of the most advanced transportation systems. There are more than 13,000 airports there; Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport is the busiest worldwide. Principal ports like Los Angeles and New York help to enable world trade.
History
The United States' past is one of discovery, revolution, growth, and development. Starting with the indigenous people who lived thousands of years in North America, colonial control, independence, civil strife, industrialization, and worldwide significance define the history of the country. Still today, the United States is a major player in technical, political, and economic progress.
Colonial Era (Before 1776) Pre-Colonial
Native American civilizations including the Puebloan people, the Iroquois Confederacy, and the Mississippian civilization predominated North America before European arrival. These cultures included sophisticated trading networks, governments, and complicated institutions. Norsemen under Leif Erikson first documented European discovery in 1000 AD; but, continuous contact started with the advent of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Along the East Coast, the British formed the Thirteen Colonies by the 17th century; the Spanish, French, and British founded colonies elsewhere.
Taxation without representation, limited trade policies, and British military presence set off tensions between Britain and the American colonies. Key events include the Boston Tea Party (1773) and the Boston Massacre (1770) sparked opposition that resulted in the American Revolution (1775–1783). Drafted mostly by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration of Independence was accepted on July 4, 1776, thus divorcing from Britain.
The United States' formation (1783–1860)
Following its Treaty of Paris (1783) acquisition of independence, the United States set up its government under the Articles of Confederation, subsequently superseded by the U.S. Constitution (1787). George Washington was the first President starting in 1789. Establishing a stable economy, controlling geographical growth, and defining federal rather than state powers presented difficulties for the fledgling country. Whereas the War of 1812 confirmed U.S. sovereignty against Britain, the Louisiana Purchase (1803) increased U.S. territory. Early in the 19th century, industrialization, westward migration, and rising sectional conflicts over slavery were all around.
Civil War and Reconstruction (1861–1877)
Slavery developed into the American Civil War (1861–1865), which set the Union (North) against the Confederacy (South). Over 600,000 people died and Union triumph prevailed from the battle. The 13th Amendment (1865) was made possible by President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (1863), therefore eradishing slavery. Although the Reconstruction era sought to reintegrate formerly enslaved individuals into society and reconstruct the South, it ran against opposition that resulted in Jim Crow laws' segregation and disenfranchisement.
Global Influence and Industrialization: 1877–1945
Rapid industrial expansion, urbanization, and immigration accompanied late 19th and early 20th century growth. Following its triumph in the Spanish-American War (1898), the United States gained territory including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, so emerging as a worldwide force. The nation was vital in World War I (1917–1918) and later suffered the Great Depression (1929–1939), which under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal resulted in policy changes and economic difficulty. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered World War II (1941–1945), therefore helping to bring the Axis Powers under defeat and becoming a worldwide powerhouse.
Cold War; Civil Rights; Modern Era (1945–Present)
The Cold War (1947–1991) between the United States and the Soviet Union dominated the post-war era and shaped world politics with nuclear weapons races, the Korean War (1950–1953), the Vietnam War (1955–1975), and the space race producing the Apollo 11 moon landing (1969). Under leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., the Civil Rights Movement (1950s–1960s battled for racial equality, producing historic laws such the Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965).
At the end of the Cold War (1991), the United States became the main worldwide power. Technical developments, globalization, and geopolitical concerns—including the 9/11 attacks (2001), the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the 2008 financial crisis, and continuous political and social movements—have defined the 21st century. With developments in artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and space exploration reshining its future, the United States is still leading in innovation.
Geography
Comprising around 9.8 million square kilometers (3.8 million square miles), the United States is among the biggest and most geographically varied nations on Earth. After Russia and Canada, it is the third-largest nation by land area and boasts a great range of physical settings, weather, and ecosystems. Along with marine boundaries with Russia and the Bahamas, the United States shares land borders with Mexico to the south and Canada to the north. It is bounded from the east by the Atlantic Ocean; from the west by the Pacific Ocean; from the southeast by the Gulf of Mexico.
Topography and Major Landforms
From tall mountains to large plains and huge coastlines, the geography of the United States is distinguished by a varied spectrum of landforms. The nation consists of many separate geographical areas:
From Alabama to Canada, the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States span peaks of over 2,000 meters (6,500 feet), including Mount Mitchell (2,037 meters/6,684 ft) in North Carolina, the highest point in the eastern U.S.
From Texas to North Dakota and into Canada, the Great Plains are large, level grasslands that are a key center for agriculture, especially output of wheat and corn.
Major western American mountain range, the Rocky Mountains span many states including Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. Mount Elbert in Colorado stands as Colorado's highest summit at 4,401 meters/14,440 feet.
Notable peaks in the western U.S. Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges include Mount Whitney (4,421 meters/14,505 feet), the highest in the contiguous U.S.
Along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, the lower elevation Coastal Plains have major port cities such New Orleans, Miami, and Houston.
Arid settings abound in the Great Basin and the Mojave Desert in the southwest; Death Valley in California is the hottest and lowest place in North America (86 meters/282 feet below sea level).
Rugged cliffs, coastal mountain ranges, and rich valleys define the Pacific Coast, where the United States meets the Pacific Ocean; important cities including Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle are along the coast.
Big Rivers and Lakes
Among North America's longest and most important rivers are several found in the United States:
Comprising 3,766 kilometers (2,340 miles), the Mississippi River is the second-longest river in the United States and an important trade and transit corridor.
At 3,767 kilometers (2,341 miles), the longest river in the United States, the Missouri River passes through the heart of the nation and feeds the Mississippi River system.
Stretching 2,333 kilometers (1,450 miles), the Colorado River is vital for providing water to parched southwest regions and sculpted the Grand Canyon.
Important means of transportation in the eastern United States are the Hudson and Ohio rivers.
Comprising approximately 244,000 square kilometers (94,600 square miles), the Great Lakes—Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario—form the biggest group of freshwater lakes in the world.
Weather patterns and climate
The immense size and geographical variety of the United States affect its climate, which differs significantly:
Found in the Midwest, Northeast, and Great Lakes areas, a humid continental climate features scorching summers and cool winters.
Dominates the Southeast, including Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana, with moderate winters and warm, humid summers, a humid subtropical climate.
California's Mediterranean climate is dry, warm with wet winters and dry summers.
Desert Climate: With very high temperatures, the Southwest—including Arizona, Nevada, and portions of California—experiences arid conditions.
Marine West Coast Climate: Year-round temperate temperatures and heavy rainfall characterize the Pacific Northwest, including Washington and Oregon.
Alaskan subarctic and polar climate features long, frigid winters marked with lots of snowfall.
Hawaii and South Florida have year-round high temperatures and pleasant, tropical climate.
Common natural disasters found all throughout the nation are hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires, and blizzards. With Tornado Alley (encompassing Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska) most impacted area, the United States suffers more tornadoes than any other country.
Environmental Characteristics and Natural Resources
Natural resources abound in the United States: coal, natural gas, oil, and minerals among other things. With Texas, Alaska, and North Dakota among its major oil-producing states, the nation ranks among the top energy producers worldwide. Additionally heavily forested in the United States, especially in the Pacific Northwest and Appalachians, these areas support the wood business.
Still another crucial aspect of American geography is biodiversity. Established in 1872, Yellowstone National Park is the first national park in the world; it is followed by Yosemite National Park and the Everglades among over 400 national parks and protected areas in the nation. From arid deserts to temperate rainforests, these parks guard varied habitats.
Urban Geography and Population Distribution
With over 80% of its inhabitants residing in metropolitan regions, the United States is somewhat urban. The most populated cities comprise:
8.8 million New York City, NY
CA Los Angeles, (3.9 million persons)
Chicago, Illinois (2.7 million population)
Houston, Texas (2.3 million individuals)
Phoenix, Arizona (1.7 million people)
Particularly in the Great Plains, Alaska, and sections of the western U.S., great rural and remote places abound even with great urbanization.
Economy
Driven by a varied mix of sectors, technological developments, and consumer spending, the United States boasts the greatest economy in the world. At around $27 trillion as of 2024, the U.S. nominal GDP accounts for roughly 25% of the world GDP. Operating as a mixed-market system, the government's interventions and private businesses coexist to control and maintain economic growth. Reflecting the economic strength and worldwide financial significance of the United States, the dollar is still the main reserve currency used worldwide.
With about 68% of GDP accounted for, consumption drives most of the U.S. economy. Economic growth depends critically on household expenditure on goods and services including housing, healthcare, retail, technology, and transportation. As of early 2024, the labor market is still strong; the unemployment rate sits roughly at 3.7%. Comprising about 160 million individuals, the workforce is varied and includes areas such technology, healthcare, finance, and manufacturing creating millions of employment.
With big businesses like Apple, Microsoft, Google (Alphabet), Amazon, and Meta pushing innovation and worldwide market capitalization, the technology industry dominates force in the U.S. economy. Silicon Valley is still the worldwide center for technical innovation, thanks in great part to semiconductor manufacture, artificial intelligence, and software development, hence boosting GDP. The S&P 500 and NASDAQ hitting new highs in recent years has helped the sector drive stock market expansion as well.
Still a mainstay of the American economy, manufacturing accounts for roughly 11% of the GDP. Major contributors are the electronics, aerospace, and automotive sectors; businesses like Tesla, Boeing, and Intel dominate manufacture and innovation. Though offshore patterns in previous decades, contemporary regulatory actions as the CHIPS Act seek to revive domestic manufacturing, especially in semiconductor industry.
Driven mostly by Wall Street, the financial industry is vital for maintaining economic stability. Comprising the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and NASDAQ with a combined market value of around $40 trillion, the United States has the biggest stock exchanges in the world. Major banks such Citigroup, Bank of America, and JPMorgan Chase enable worldwide financial transactions, investments, and loans, thereby maintaining economic liquidity.
Another important factor is trade; the United States is among the top importers and exporters in the globe. With China, Canada, Mexico, and the European Union among the main trading partners, total U.S. trade in 2023 is expected to be over $5 trillions. While importing electronics, cars, and consumer products, the nation exports aircraft, machinery, medications, and oil. Trade accords such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) control economic interactions in North America so guaranteeing seamless cross-border trade.
Comprising about 18% of the GDP, the healthcare sector is a significant player in the economic scene. With annual healthcare spending of more than $4.5 trillion, the United States boasts the greatest worldwide total. While healthcare services use millions of experts across hospitals, clinics, and research facilities, major pharmaceutical and biotechnology corporations such Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and Moderna fuel medical innovation.
Another essential industry is energy generation; the United States is the top natural gas and oil producer worldwide. Every day the nation generates more than 12 million barrels of crude oil; Alaska, Texas, and North Dakota are important suppliers. Government subsidies and private investments have greatly raised the capacity of solar and wind energy, hence growing the renewable energy sector. Targeting a decrease in carbon emissions and energy independence, the Biden administration's Inflation Reduction Act has set billions of dollars for support of clean energy initiatives.
Although it makes around 5% of the GDP, agriculture is still a vital sector since it supplies food and raw goods both locally and outside. With major agricultural states like Iowa, Nebraska, and California leading output, the U.S. is among the top exporters of maize, soybeans, wheat, and meat. Advanced technology helps the sector by means of precision farming and genetically modified crops, therefore raising efficiency and yields.
With federal expenditures topping $6 trillion yearly, government spending is very important for the economy. Important sectors of expenditure are infrastructure, social security, Medicare, and defense. With the national debt over $34 trillion, continuous discussions on budgetary restrictions and fiscal policy have been spurred. Through monetary policy, which adjusts interest rates to control inflation—which stood at 3.1% in early 2024 after peaking at 9.1% in mid-2022—the Federal Reserve shapes economic stabilization.
Two important markers of economic well-being are inflation and pay increase. The Federal Reserve has raised interest rates in recent years under inflationary pressures brought on by supply chain interruptions, labor shortages, and geopolitical concerns. Higher borrowing rates have affected the housing market, as mortgage rates have surged beyond 6.5%, therefore slowing down new building projects and house sales. Still, the job sector has experienced steady pay increases, which enable households control of growing expenses.
Income inequality, climate change, and geopolitical uncertainty abound in the American economy. Although median household income is about $75,000, wealth disparity is still a major problem since the top 10% of earners own more than 70% of the wealth of the country. Aiming to solve economic inequalities, policy actions including social welfare programs and tax reforms are controversial in their efficacy.
Notwithstanding these difficulties, the U.S. economy keeps proving tenacity and adaptability. Strong consumer spending, technological innovation, and a dynamic labor market together help to set the nation for ongoing economic expansion. With continuous investments in digital transformation, clean energy, and infrastructure, the United States stays a global economic powerhouse influencing the direction of sectors and international trade.
