US Map 1860

About US Map 1860



Explore map of America 1860 to see the political division of United States in 1860 including states, territories, other countries, and disputed territories.



States in the United States in 1860

# State Year of Statehood Capital (in 1860) Population (1860 Census) Slave or Free Region
1Delaware1787Dover112,216SlaveBorder
2Pennsylvania1787Harrisburg2,906,115FreeNorth
3New Jersey1787Trenton672,035FreeNorth
4Georgia1788Milledgeville1,057,286SlaveSouth
5Connecticut1788Hartford and New Haven (shared)460,147FreeNorth
6Massachusetts1788Boston1,231,066FreeNorth
7Maryland1788Annapolis687,049SlaveBorder
8South Carolina1788Columbia703,708SlaveSouth
9New Hampshire1788Concord326,073FreeNorth
10Virginia1788Richmond1,596,318SlaveSouth
11New York1788Albany3,880,735FreeNorth
12North Carolina1789Raleigh992,622SlaveSouth
13Rhode Island1790Providence and Newport (shared)174,620FreeNorth
14Vermont1791Montpelier315,098FreeNorth
15Kentucky1792Frankfort1,155,684SlaveBorder
16Tennessee1796Nashville1,109,801SlaveSouth
17Ohio1803Columbus2,339,511FreeNorth
18Louisiana1812Baton Rouge708,002SlaveSouth
19Indiana1816Indianapolis1,350,428FreeNorth
20Mississippi1817Jackson791,305SlaveSouth
21Illinois1818Springfield1,711,951FreeNorth
22Alabama1819Montgomery964,201SlaveSouth
23Maine1820Augusta628,279FreeNorth
24Missouri1821Jefferson City1,182,012SlaveBorder
25Arkansas1836Little Rock435,450SlaveSouth
26Michigan1837Lansing749,113FreeNorth
27Florida1845Tallahassee140,424SlaveSouth
28Texas1845Austin604,215SlaveSouth
29Iowa1846Des Moines674,913FreeNorth
30Wisconsin1848Madison775,881FreeNorth
31California1850Sacramento379,994FreeWest
32Minnesota1858St. Paul172,023FreeNorth
33Oregon1859Salem52,465FreeWest
34Kansas1861Topeka107,206 (est.)FreeWest


United States in 1860


Over the questions of slavery, state rights, and the future of the Union, the United States in 1860 was sharply split. With four main contenders representing many political philosophies, the presidential contest of 1860 was among the most significant in American history. With 39.8% of the popular vote and 180 electoral votes, Abraham Lincoln, the Republican nominee, took office as president. His triumph was considered as a direct challenge to the Southern way of life, which led to the December 1860 secession of South Carolina and subsequent several other Southern states in early 1861. Stephen A. Douglas represented the North while John C. Breckinridge represented the South, therefore separating the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern sections. Appealing to moderates, John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party sought to maintain the Union but had little impact. Deep political rifts prepared the ground for the Civil War, which would start in April 1861.

Geographic Expansion and States

The United States had grown to 33 states by 1860, with Kansas just about ready for statehood. Along with large areas of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, the US had also gained the territories from the Mexican-American War, the Oregon Territory, and the Gadsden Purchase of 1854. Still a significant source of conflict is whether newly acquired territory would permit slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 had let immigrants decide whether slavery would be accepted in their territory, hence sparking bloody clashes often referred to as "Bleeding Kansas." By declaring that African Americans could not be U.S. citizens and that Congress lacked power to prohibit slavery in the territories, the Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court decision of 1857 stoked even more hostilities.

Population Development and Demographic Trends

The U.S. population had expanded to around 31.4 million by 1860, including about 4 million slaves. With so many Irish and German immigrants entering in the last decades, immigration was clearly important in this increase. Rapid urbanization saw cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago growing out of industry and labor migration in the North. With an economy based on plantation farming and enslaved labor, the South remained essentially rural. Disease, forcible deportation, and strife kept Native American numbers down.

Economic development and industrialization

The industrialized North and the agricultural South clearly showed different aspects of the American economy in 1860. Making textiles, machines, and iron items, the North had evolved as the manufacturing center for the country. With more than 30,000 miles of track constructed by 1860, railroads grew quickly to enable commercial and army movements in the approaching war. By contrast, the South mostly relied on cotton, which made around 60% of American exports. The cotton gin had established the system of slavery even as it made cotton farming very lucrative. The South's lack of industrialization left it economically weak and dependent on imported commodities from the North and Europe. Northern cities concentrated banking and financial firms, therefore widening the economic difference between the areas.

Sectional Tensions and Slavery

The defining issue of the decade was slavery; the North was becoming more against its spread while the South defended it as necessary for their way of life and economy. Figures like Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and John Brown supported an end to slavery, therefore energizing abolitionist organizations. Thousands of enslaved people made their way to free states and Canada via the Underground Railroad Publication of Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in 1852 stoked anti-slavery feeling in the North even further. Restricting slavery would ruin Southern leaders' economic structure, hence demands for secession arose.

Foreign Policy and Expansionism

United States had an expansionist and economic diplomatic strategy in 1860. Trade ties with Europe were good, especially with Britain and France whose textile businesses depended on Southern cotton. With initiatives as the Ostend Manifesto (1854), which suggested the acquisition of Cuba from Spain, the United States also aimed to increase its influence in Latin America. But the sectional problem developing at home diverted attention from foreign policy as the approaching Civil War became the main focus of the country.

Transportation and infrastructure

By 1860, railroads connected big cities and enabled trade, hence becoming the backbone of the U.S. transportation system. With a significantly more developed rail system than the South, the North enjoyed a major logistical advantage going into the forthcoming Civil War. For shipping commodities over the Mississippi River and other rivers, steamboats were indispensable. Launched in 1860, the Pony Express offered quicker connection between the East and the growing West, but the telegraph quickly took front stage. Roads, canals, and train lines expanded to link far-off areas to metropolitan markets and aid to integrate the economy.

Cultural and Educational Development

Public education was growing especially in the North, where literacy rates much exceeded those in the South. Though it was approved during the start of the Civil War, the Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862 (proposed in 1860) sought to create technical and agricultural universities. Intellectual thinking was shaped in great part by universities such Harvard, Yale, and the University of Virginia. Public opinion was greatly shaped by newspapers and literature; big periodicals like "The New York Times" and "The Liberator" argued for many political points of view. Writers such as Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville contributed to the cultural character of America, therefore fostering the flourishing American literature.

Social and Religious movements

Inspired by social reform groups like slavery, women's rights, and temperance, the Second Great Awakening still shaped American culture in 1860. Moral change was promoted by religious revivals; churches were instrumental in organizing groups for political activity. Though women's voting rights were far off, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton's suffrage campaign was gathering steam.

Scientific and Technological Developments

Science and technology advanced greatly during the decade before 1860. Agricultural innovations include mechanized reaper and the steel plow increased agricultural effectiveness. The telegraph system's development transformed communication so that news and information could travel quickly. Though medical knowledge was still primitive, advances in anesthetic and surgical methods enhanced treatment. The Smithsonian Institution kept pushing scientific inquiry to help in advancements in many spheres.

Deep political, economic, and social divides threatening to split the country apart by 1860 put the United States in close proximity to civil war. Abraham Lincoln's victory was a sea change because Southern states saw his administration as directly endangering slavery and their way of life. The South remained agricultural and dependent on enslaved labor while the North was becoming an industrial powerhouse with a fast rising economy and increasing infrastructure. National debate focused mostly on slavery, state sovereignty, and territorial expansion, which resulted in the Civil War starting in April 1861 and a crisis of secession. The strife and changes of the 1860s were forming the basis of modern America as the nation entered this stormy era.

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